Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Excess Maternal Salt Intake Produces Sex-Specific Hypertension in Offspring: Putative Roles for Kidney and Gastrointestinal Sodium Handling

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072682

Figure Lengend Snippet: A–J : representative images of paired (left and right) kidneys (n = 4–6 replicates for analysis) cultured for 2 days in media with varying osmolality, generated using NaCl, mannitol or urea, at concentrations indicated on y -axes. K : growth (fold-increase in normalised surface area) of cultured kidneys or lungs ( L ). Estimated marginal means for data are presented after analysis by repeated measures general linear models with treatment (NaCl, mannitol or urea) and concentration (0, 25, 50, 100 mM) or specific interactions as fixed effects and time as a repeated measure (Genstat v14). The overall standard error of the difference (s.e.d.) between means for the statistical comparison is presented.

Article Snippet: Where male and female siblings were included in the statistical model then the dam was added as a random effect (to account for reduced intra-litter variance) and data were analysed by a General Linear Mixed Model (GLMM; Genstat v14, VSNi, UK).

Techniques: Cell Culture, Generated, Concentration Assay

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Excess Maternal Salt Intake Produces Sex-Specific Hypertension in Offspring: Putative Roles for Kidney and Gastrointestinal Sodium Handling

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072682

Figure Lengend Snippet: For blood pressure, assessed by telemetry, data are from Control diet; n = 6 dams, n = 6/6 [male/female] offspring or high-salt (4% salt) diet; n = 6 dams, n = 5/5 [male/female] offspring. Values are either hourly means (A,B; derived from summary measures of 48 h recording) or the fitted model from non-linear regression [Fourier] analysis of all datapoints recorded over the 48 h period (C,D) and the respective output of circadian parameters from the model (E). Data are predicted means (±S.E.M.) and were analysed by mixed effect models with treatment (control vs. 4% salt) and sex (male vs. female) or their interaction as fixed and dam as a random effect (Genstat v14). NS, not significant.

Article Snippet: Where male and female siblings were included in the statistical model then the dam was added as a random effect (to account for reduced intra-litter variance) and data were analysed by a General Linear Mixed Model (GLMM; Genstat v14, VSNi, UK).

Techniques: Derivative Assay

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Excess Maternal Salt Intake Produces Sex-Specific Hypertension in Offspring: Putative Roles for Kidney and Gastrointestinal Sodium Handling

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072682

Figure Lengend Snippet: Na + excretion were measured in 12 week old male and female offspring from dams fed control diet (Control, n = 12 dams; n = 9–12 males/females) or 4% salt diet with water ad libitum (4% Salt, n = 10 dams; n = 7–10 males/females). Paired plasma and urine were collected after 24 h in a metabolic crate after 5-days feeding either a low (0.26%; standard chow or LOW-SALT) or high-salt (4%; TD.08162, SALT-LOADED) diet. Data are means (±95% CI) and were analysed by mixed effect models with treatment (control vs. 4% salt) and sex (male vs. female) or their interaction as fixed and dam as a random effect (Genstat v14). NS, not significant.

Article Snippet: Where male and female siblings were included in the statistical model then the dam was added as a random effect (to account for reduced intra-litter variance) and data were analysed by a General Linear Mixed Model (GLMM; Genstat v14, VSNi, UK).

Techniques:

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Excess Maternal Salt Intake Produces Sex-Specific Hypertension in Offspring: Putative Roles for Kidney and Gastrointestinal Sodium Handling

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072682

Figure Lengend Snippet: Data are presented with mean (±95% CI) indicated and are from the adult offspring of dams fed a Control (0.26% salt) diet; n = 8 dams, n = 5–7 male/female offspring or high-salt (4% salt) diet; n = 6 dams, n = 4–6 male/female offspring. Plasma corticosterone was measured by ELISA. Faecal collection and measurement of electrolytes (by ICP-MS) were as described in . Data were analysed by mixed effects models with treatment (control vs. 4% salt) and sex (male vs. female) or their interaction as fixed and dam as a random effect (Genstat v14). Corticosterone was analysed as log 10 transformed to normalise the error distribution and is shown as an antilog for clarity. NS, not significant. PC, proximal colon. DC, distal colon.

Article Snippet: Where male and female siblings were included in the statistical model then the dam was added as a random effect (to account for reduced intra-litter variance) and data were analysed by a General Linear Mixed Model (GLMM; Genstat v14, VSNi, UK).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Transformation Assay